Lee Harvey Oswald’s Motives for killing President John F....

There have been many papers, books, and articles written on Lee Harvey Oswald’s motives for killing President John F. Kennedy. No one knows for sure exactly what motivated him in this horrendous act, but there has been some speculation that a fatherless upbringing or his mental health led the way in making him the most famous assassin of the twentieth century. Lee Harvey Oswald had a rough childhood. He grew up without a father figure in his life so he was lacking direction from the most important source (Biography: Lee Harvey Oswald ). His father died two months before Oswald was born, leaving his mother with three small children. As a result, â€Å"his mother would frequently neglect and leave Lee with various babysitters† (Diamond). These†¦show more content†¦Oswald could be very violent at times and at one point â€Å"Oswald had spoken about shooting an American President† (Oswald’s Motive). His friend that he had talked to about this said tha t he didn’t say it jokingly. He was a very violent person and the Russian à ©migrà © community from Dallas reported that â€Å"There is also clear evidence that Oswald...had a history of wife battering† (Oswald’s Motive). During one fight, he actually tried to kill his wife by strangling her. What he was trying to achieve through his violence was a warped form of control. While Oswald was a violent person, there are also signs that he was also emotionally and mentally unstable, and even his wife was scared for his mental state (Oswald’s Motive). Dr. Steven Diamond says that Oswald most likely could have been suffering from psychopathic narcissism† (which is the constant need to be admired) and that would have caused him to do â€Å"what most of the young men who commit such very public crimes seek: facile infamy† (Diamond). This most likely was caused by his overwhelming feeling of rejection from his parents and caretakers. Most likely all he wanted was for someone to notice him and to gain â€Å"immortality† (Diamond). Another theory that is put forward is that Lee Harvey Oswald was merely a patsy in some bigger conspiracy. Most conspiracy theories follow along the lines that Oswald didn’t commit the horrible crime, and someone else did. When the authorities caught Oswald, he was going into aShow MoreRelatedA Brief Look at John F. Kennedy835 Words   |  4 Pagesquote spoken by a U.S President whose term of office was cut short by a belligerent man. John F. Kennedy or JFK would grow to become one of the United States’s smartest and youngest Presidents in history. Unfortunately for JFK his life and term as President was cut short after being assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. Although JFK did not serve a full term as President he affected our nation in many positive ways and was on the best presidents we ever had. John Fitzgerald Kennedy also known as â€Å"JFK†Read MoreThe Assassination Of President John F. Kennedy1376 Words   |  6 PagesLee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy November 22, 1963 (Jennings), a day that changed American history, and a day that’s events still haunt the nation of freedom and liberty. Whether it be Jacqueline Kennedy’s pained cries or the hoodless limousine, a piece of this day in history lies in every American’s mind. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America (Bugliosi 11), to this day has several conspiraciesRead MoreLee Harvey And The Assassination Of Jfk2462 Words   |  10 PagesLee Harvey Oswald and The Assassination of JFK On November 22, 1963 United States President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas Texas. In September 1964 the Warren Commission, appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, presented an official report documenting the details of the assassination. This report concluded that Kennedy was killed by a man named Lee Harvey Oswald, and that Oswald acted alone. Ever since then there has been speculation concerning the validity of the Warren CommissionRead MoreWho Is to Blame for JFKs Assassination?748 Words   |  3 PagesWho is to blame? John F. Kennedy, the youngest elected and first catholic president was campaigning for a second term when he was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963. The accused shooter Lee Harvey Oswald, was first arrested for killing a police officer at point blank. It was shortly after the shooting when he was arrested with a gun in his possession at a nearby movie theater. He was then later accused of killing President Kennedy. The evidence presents that there could be alternativesRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Assassination1739 Words   |  7 Pages John F Kennedy grew up in a wealthy and very political family. His assassination was a shock to many. It was a time of Cold War and the peak of US involvement in Vietnam. It is important to understand the John F. Kennedy regime including both its national and foreign policy. You also need to look into his personal life. This would help to create motives, and find the primary aspect to consider when looking into any homicide, assassination or m urder. He was the first president who was a Boy ScoutRead MoreDefining Moment Of The Twentieth Century : The Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1829 Words   |  8 PagesA defining moment of the twentieth century: the assassination of John F. Kennedy.   On November 22nd, 1963, the president of the United States of America was travelling in a motorcade down the streets of Dallas, Texas, when three loud shots rang out through the air (Summary).   In an instant, President Kennedy had been brutally shot and killed, startling people worldwide.   At the time, such a gruesome attack was unheard of-- after all, who would want to harm the man who gave the country hope? (ABC)Read MoreEssay on The Assassination of John F. Kennedy4698 Words   |  19 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy On a clear sunny day in Dallas Texas, November 22, 1963 to be exact, at about 12:30pm, the Presidents car rounded the curve in front of the Texas School Book Depository building and proceeded on to Main Street throughout Dally plaza. Shots rang out and the President was rushed to the nearby hospital and was declared dead at 1pm. The Vice President took the oath of office and flew back to Washington with the slain leader. The accused assassin was arrestedRead MoreJFK Assasination Conspiracy Theories Essay3168 Words   |  13 Pagesthe day of the depletion of the American peoples trust in their government. It also marks the beginning of one of the biggest conspiracies still being investigated by conspiracy theorists. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, our 35th, youngest elected president, was killed that day. Many say Lee Harvey Oswald was the shooter but I think Oswald never even pulled the trigger. Oswald was just an easy mark to pin the crime on, he was set up, most likely by the CIA who he was speculated to beRead MoreThe Many Theories of the JFK Assassination Essay example3041 Words   |  13 PagesThe Many Theories of the JFK Assassination Introduction There are many theories that have been introduced to people surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The assassination of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, occurred on November 22, 1963. Kennedy was fatally shot while riding in the presidential limousine through the streets of Dallas, Texas. The projectile that struck his head shattered the right side of his skull. During an interviewRead MoreEssay on The J.F.K. Conspiracy941 Words   |  4 PagesThe J.F.K. Conspiracy Time after time again we are told in our schools, our homes, and by our media that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of former President John F. Kennedy. How can this conclusion by made about a case that was never completely solved? If we as Americans accept the government given truth, such as in this case, without questioning how they came to their conclusion, then what would stop the government from altering other truths given

Sarbanes Oxley Act - 1322 Words

Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley is a U.S. federal law that has generated much controversy, and involved the response to the financial scandals of some large corporations such as Enron, Tyco International, WorldCom and Peregrine Systems. These scandals brought down the public confidence in auditing and accounting firms. The law is named after Senator Paul Sarbanes Democratic Party and GOP Congressman Michael G. Oxley. It was passed by large majorities in both Congress and the Senate and covers and sets new performance standards for boards of directors and managers of companies and accounting mechanisms of all publicly traded companies in America. It also introduces criminal liability for the board of directors and a requirement by†¦show more content†¦There is much more of an emphasis on training and certification of auditors to understand and be able to design processes that are in adherence to the SOX requirements (Michelman, Waldrup, 32, 33). These changes in accounting processes are just the beginning of the much broader and much more pervasive changes at the fundamental business level within companies. The changes required by SOX also force entirely new approaches to managing, reporting, sorting, and accessing financial information, often requiring new IT systems and processes as well. The coordination of IT systems and processes, accounting and reporting, and the definition of entirely new business processes are all happening at the same time in many publicly-held companies in the U.S. through even 2009. The exponential growth of Indian outsourcing companies who have expertise in Business Process Management (BPM) have correspondingly seen an increase in their business, as many smaller American publicly-held companies do not have the people or the expertise to get their processes, systems, IT plans and accounting and reporting functions in compliance with the SOX standard in any meaningful period of time (Radtke, et.al.) As a result, many accounting professi onals also must manage outsourcing contracts with companies who specialize in BPM and SOXShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act3143 Words   |  13 PagesAnalysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Abstract The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was enacted in July 30, 2002, by Congress to protect shareholders and the general public from fraudulent corporate practices and accounting errors and to maintain auditor independence.    In protecting the shareholders and the general public the SOX Act is intended to improve the transparency of the financial reporting.    Financial reports are to be certified by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial OfficerRead MoreEssay on The Sarbanes-Oxley Act852 Words   |  4 Pagestoday that are using the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation that helps to safeguard their company and their financial records. The Sarbanes-Oxley act began in 2002 and the purpose behind this act was to protect organizations, it had a major impact on accounting and record keeping. Because of Enron, they passed this act for publicly-traded corporations to better implement control to their enterprise data. â€Å"Named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Mic hael Oxley, who also set a number ofRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act and the PCAOB Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act Overview: The development of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was a result of public company scandals. The Enron and Worldcom scandals, for example, helped investor confidence in entities traded on the public markets weaken during 2001 and 2002. Congress was quick to respond to the political crisis and enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which was signed into law by President Bush on July 30 (Edward Jones, 1), to restore investor confidence. In reference to SOX, penaltiesRead MoreSarbanes-Oxley Act Research Paper1097 Words   |  5 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Karla Azcue ACC 120-09 Mr. Donald Senior The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is one of the most important legislations passed in the 21st century effecting financial practice and corporate governance. This act was passed on July 30, 2002 thanks to Representative Michael Oxley a republican from Ohio and Senator Paul Sarbanes a democrat from Maryland. They both passed two different bills that pertain to the same problem which had to do with corporations auditing accountabilityRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ACC/561 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Following a number of discovered fraud scandals committed by well-known corporations and in order to restore public confidence in the stock market and trading of securities, the United States congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the year 2002. As a result of the act endorsement by the New York Stock Exchange and the Securities and Exchange Commission, among many other national overseeing committees, a number of rules and regulationsRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act Research Paper1787 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes Oxley Act Research Project Brielle Lewis MBA 315 March 6, 2014 I. Abstract The purpose of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities law, and for other purposes. (Lander, 2004) The Act created new standards for public companies and accounting firms to abide by. After multiple business failures due to fraudulent activities and embezzlement at companies such as Enron Sarbanes andRead MoreSarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) Essays1756 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In July of 2002, Congress swiftly passed the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investors Protection Act at the time when corporations like Arthur Anderson, Enron and WorldCom fell due to fraudulent accounting practices and bad internal control. This bill, sponsored by Mike Oxley (R-OH) and Paul Sarbanes (D-MD), became known as Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX).It sought to restore public confidence in publicly traded companies and their accounting practices, though the companies listed aboveRead MoreThe Implications of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on the Accounting Profession755 Words   |  4 PagesThe Implications of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on the Accounting Profession Abstract On July 30, 2002, the Sarbanes Oxley Act (also known as SOX) was signed into law by President George W. Bush. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is a federal law that set new or improved standards for all U.S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms. Covered in the eleven titles are additional corporate board responsibilities, auditing requirements and criminal penalties. ThisRead MoreEssay on Overview of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)1342 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act, frequently known as the SOX. The act was passed on in 2002 as a federal United States law. The law was drafted in response to the numerous numbers of financial scandals performed by high profile corporations such as Johnson Johnson. The action has created a new company standard of responsibility in order to protect the valued stakeholders, as well as the public, from the deceitful practices of various organizations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act Read Mor eEssay on Benefits of the Sarbanes Oxley Act893 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems for the company and its investors down the road. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is what enforces such internal controls of companies. This Act requires all United States companies to follow internal control guidelines and standards. Many argue that the egregious scandals such as Enron, Tyco and WorldCom gave Congress the impetus to pass such an act that has strict consequences if bypassed. Violators of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) can be subject to large fines and even imprisonment

Business communication the organizations - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Business communication the organizations. Answer: Introduction: Business communication refers to the sharing of information amongst the organizational employees and the other parties involved with the organization, which results in organizational success. A business communication, can either be conducted from the downward level to the upward level or from the upward level to the downward direction. A downward communication, generally involves the transmission of information from the higher authorities to the lower levels whereas the upward communication involves the transmission of information from the lower levels of the organization to the higher authorities. There are various ways, by means of which information can be transmitted from one level of organization to another. The most commonly used methods involve the use of social media, video conferencing, reports, presentations, telephone meetings and various others. Social media provides various types of online communication options that enable the users to participate in the communication pro cess and give feedbacks. Social media enables an organization to improve its interaction with the customers and save costs. Employee communication is an important part of business as the internal communication among the employees determines the organizational culture and productivity of an organization. The more effective employee communication policy a company has the higher will be the growth rate of the company as a positive work environment increases the productivity of the employees. The businesses use social media in order to target a large number of customers as approaching the customer individually is not possible for any organization. Business communication is also useful in improving the relationships among the organizational employees (McFarland Ployhart, 2015). Business communication via social media is not only useful in improving business to customer relationships but is also effective in improving business to business relationships. Thesis or hypothesis: Employee communication has significant impact on the organizational performance and success. Effective and proper employee communication can help the organization as well as the employees to avoid confusion and conflict. The absence of confusion as well as conflicts helps in the creation of a positive work environment, which directly influences the productivity of the organization("Forbes Welcome", 2017). The second significant impact that the process of effective employee communication can have on the work environment is that it can help to overcome one of the most commonly faced problem at workplace, namely, the problem of cross-cultural miscommunication. Effective employee communication can help in overcoming the problem of cross-cultural miscommunication and helps in the development of an understanding between the different employees of an organization (Kinloch Metge, 2014). The process of intercultural communication, can be used by some companies to create an effective shared u nderstanding about the objectives as well as the goals of the company to its various employees. This gives a clear idea to the employees about the job roles as well as the expectations that the company desires from them. Ideas to support thesis: Bovee, Thill Raina (2016), assessed the impact of employee communication on the organizational performance and claimed that employee communication has a huge impact on the organizational strategies of the organizations. The paper mentioned that there has been a recent change in the trend as internet has gained huge popularity. More than 50% of the world population has an access to internet and internet has become the backbone of more than 70% of the organizations in the world (Jin, Liu Austin, 2014). Social media has helped the organizational employees to effectively interact with each other and create positive working environment within the organization. On the contrary, many a times, improper use of the social media platforms tend to hamper the performance of the organizations. Therefore, proper care is to be taken, so that the medium used for the employee communication process provides effective benefits to the organization and does not becomes a cause of concern to the organiza tion or the company. According to Jussila, Krkkinen Aramo-Immonen (2014), the use of social media enhances the relationship between the organizational employees as it enables them to develop personal relationships with each other, which leads to effective employee communication within the organizations. This tends to enhance the bonding between the organizational employees and the team members, which also helps improving the team performance. The more is the mutual understanding between the team members, the more becomes the efficiency of the organizations. This also helps in overcoming the problem of cross-cultural miscommunication, which is a major problem faced by companies as well as the organizations all over the world. In the present world of globalization, it is often noticed, that the major companies or organizations of the world tend to employee deserving employees from all over the world to increase their productivity(Goetsch Davis,2014). It is here that the concept of effective employee comm unication becomes the most important as the removal of this communication barrier will enhance the individual as the collective performance of the company as well as the organization. To overcome this problem, most of the companies resort to the use of social media sites, where the employees can bond among themselves despite their different cultural as well social backgrounds (Ward, 2016). The most popular social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have helped the organizational employees to come closer to each other. However, there have also been several negative impacts of social media on the performance of the employees. Many a times, the employees neglect the work while using social media, which hampers the productivity of the organization or the company. This has negative impacts on the organizational performance (Vernuccio, 2014). According to Aral, Dellarocas Godes (2013), the changes in the technologies and the use of social media by the organizations enable the employees to increase their knowledge regarding the functioning of the organizations. It enables them to interfere in the necessary activities and share their opinions. The shared ideas of the employees enable the organizations to commence its activities accordingly. However, excessive interference of the employees in the daily activities of the organizations, hamper the productivity and efficiency of the operations. Therefore, it is necessary for the organizations to determine the level up to which the organizations shall permit employee communication within an organization. However, this process also offers an opportunity to the company as well as the organization to make the objectives as well as the goals of the company, clear to the employees. It helps in channelizing the collective energy as well as the efforts of the employees in a proper dir ection, which helps the company as well as the employees in accomplishing their individual goals as well as the goals of the company. Context: An organization where employee communication has been successful is Google Inc. Google has been an excellent place to work in because of its excellent organizational culture. The organization values the suggestions and opinions of the employees and ensures that there is an excellent employee communication within the organization. This has enhanced both employee- employee relationships as well as employee- employer relationships. Figure 1: Impact of employee communication on growth of Google Inc. (Source: Vernuccio, 2014) Facebook is another company, which uses social media for the process of effective employee communication. The company has its various overseas branches in almost all over the world and at the present moment the company employs roughly around 23,165 and most of these employees rarely gets a chance to go to the main office of the company. Therefore, the use of social media becomes paramount for various reasons. Firstly, it helps in the process of effective transmission of the goals as well as the objectives of the company to the employees. Secondly, it also helps in the process of social bonding among the employees of the company working in its various diverse locations all over the world. The use of other forms of communication like presentation, video conferences, telephone and even social gatherings organized by the company also helps in the process of effective social bonding among the employees of the company in its diverse locations. These policies of the company is one of the ma in reason for the steady growth of the company in the last five years- Year Total Revenue(in million USD) Net Revenue(in million USD) 2012 5,089 53 2013 7,872 1500 2014 12,466 2,940 2015 17,928 3,688 2016 27,638 10,217 Figure 2: Growth of the company Facebook in terms of revenue in the past 5 years. Source: "Facebook - Home", 2017) Outline: The proposal introduced employee communication in business context. Nowadays, employee communication via social media platforms is an important part of the determining organizational strategies and a tool used for enhancing the relationships between the organizational employees. Social media has also been an effective instrument for enhancing the relationships employee relationships, which has resulted in the overall efficiency of the organizations (Schivinski Dabrowski, 2016). However, social media has both positive and negative impacts on the employee performance and efficiency. The proposal mentions the possible hypothesis and the ideas that support the hypothesis. However, after analyzing the impact of employee communication on the organizational performance, it can be mentioned that the efficient use of employee communication has huge impact on the organizational performance, which can be classified into both positive and negative impacts. The positive effects of effective comm unication, can be summed up as the benefits, which the company receives from the process of effective employee communication like the creation of positive working environment, good understanding between the employees of the company from different cultural as well as the social backgrounds. The negative impact of the process are the disadvantages that the process of effective employee communication cause to the company, like if the employees spend more amount of time on the social media sites rather than focusing on their work then the overall performance of the individual employees as well as the company will get hampered(Bovee, Thill, Raina,2016). The impact of employee communication through social media on the employee performance depends upon the extent up to which the organization uses social media and permits the use of social media within the organization. The organizations must ensure that the social media has a positive impact on its growth and performance. The organizations must ensure that the employees do not misuse social media. The increase in the trend of using social media has a significant influence on the performance of the employees and the team performance. Employee communication has also been effective in improving business to business relationships. Social media not only helps in improving the communication process between the organizations and their customers but also enhances the communication process between the organizational employees. Employee communication enables the organizations to learn about its organizational efficiency and identify the ways in which the efficiency can be further increased. Social media enables the employees to share their feedbacks with the organizations, which in turn enables the organizations to take appropriate corrective actions. Social media has been an effective tool for the organizations in gaining organizational efficiency. Social media marketing is the most cost effective and economic way of increasing the brand awareness of the organizations. The organizations are able to establish their business as an industry expert and expand their professional network(Armstrong et al., 2015). The proposal m entions Google as the most efficient organization in successfully using employee communication in enhancing the organizational performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that social media plays a vital role in enhancing the employee communication and the overall organizational performance. Conclusion: Therefore, from the above paragraphs it becomes apparent that effective employee communication forms an essential feature of business communication and if effectively utilized it leads to the overall growth of the organization or the company. However, the process also consists of some limitations, which if not properly taken care of can directly affect the company or the organization. It, thus, becomes very necessary to weigh all the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the medium intended to be used for the process of employee communication before its implementation. Recommendations: A company or an organization can increase the level of employee communication by the effective use of different kinds of communication method. The overdependence on one medium for the purpose of employee communication can prove to be harmful to the company or the organization itself in the long run. Therefore, it is advisable that the companies used various other kind of means like video conferencing, telephone meetings, presentation, social official gatherings and other mediums for the purpose rather than solely depending on just one type of medium. Limitations: The process of employee communication consists of some weaknesses as well. It is often seen that people from countries like Australia, New Zealand, USA and other places are very individualistic and thus they do not feel comfortable working in groups or socializing in the work place. The system of effective employee communication thus becomes ineffective in those circumstances. Then there is another factor that might be considered as a weakness of the process of employee communication, namely, too much communication in the work reduces the overall productivity of the company as the focus of the employees tend to become divided and this leads to a decrease in the level of productivity. References Aral, S., Dellarocas, C., Godes, D. (2013). Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), 3-13. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bovee, C. L., Thill, J. V., Raina, R. L. (2016).Business communication today. Pearson Education India. Jin, Y., Liu, B. F., Austin, L. L. (2014). Examining the role of social media in effective crisis management: The effects of crisis origin, information form, and source on publics crisis responses.Communication research,41(1), 74-94. Jussila, J. J., Krkkinen, H., Aramo-Immonen, H. (2014). Social media utilization in business-to-business relationships of technology industry firms.Computers in Human Behavior,30, 606-613. McFarland, L. A., Ployhart, R. E. (2015). Social media: A contextual framework to guide research and practice.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(6), 1653. Schivinski, B., Dabrowski, D. (2016). The effect of social media communication on consumer perceptions of brands.Journal of Marketing Communications,22(2), 189-214. Vernuccio, M. (2014). Communicating corporate brands through social media: An exploratory study.International Journal of Business Communication,51(3), 211-233. Bovee, C. L., Thill, J. V., Raina, R. L. (2016).Business communication today. Pearson Education India. Facebook - Home. (2017).Investor.fb.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017, from https://investor.fb.com/home/default.aspx Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Forbes Welcome. (2017).Forbes.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2016/08/12/best-practices-for-effective-internal-communications/#40b5ff877292 Kinloch, P., Metge, J. (2014).Talking past each other: problems of cross cultural communication. Victoria University Press. Ward, J. (2016).Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Springer.

Postmodernism Essays (2635 words) - Anthropology, Postmodernism

Postmodernism With the end of colonialism and the emergence of a seemingly new world order, there raised a demand that research be useful and relevant, indicating that knowledge for its own sake was insufficient. As a result of this, what emerged was a new focus on 'development' and 'modernization' in the form of postmodernism. In these changing times, anthropology has come into contact with a variety of evolving concepts, including hybridity, montage, fluidity, and deconstruction. The question remains, how these concepts reflect the social, cultural and political changes that are occurring in study of anthropology today. Postmodernism is an intellectual movement that promotes itself as the 'antithesis' of modernism, resulting from the intensification, radicalization, or transformation of the processes of modernity. (Barfield, 368) The term was introduced in the late 1940's, however, the turn towards, if not the origin of postmodernism in anthropology, can be traced to a single publication: Writing Culture (1986). It consisted of contributions from nine scholars, edited by Clifford and Marcus, and attempted to sketch out the basic premise of the postmodern perspective. (Harris, 153) Anthropologist are forced to contend with the changes created by postmodernism in a variety of ways, beginning with the challenge to anthropological authority. It is felt by many that it is incredibly arrogant for anthropologists to assume that they have both the capacity and mandate to dissect, interpret and describe the lives of people in other cultures, given the power and wealth imbalance of the colonial past, leaving the 'other' unable to speak for him/herself. This argument finds itself in the whole 'West vs. Rest' spectrum, claiming that because of the nature in which traditional ethnologist where carried out, ex. Colonial, anglo- whites, ect.., that today, despite the multicultural and ethnically aware world that we live in, that anthropologists are not capable of unbiasedly and accurately producing ethnographic work. In part, there concern is founded. To my knowledge, there rests no undocumented peoples on the planet, as such, ethnologies today focus on sub-group structure and societal dynamics. Depending on the position that ones takes the results can be very different. An example of this is the anthropological work that is done on Arab women. Arab women in the west are often perceived as voiceless victims of violence and inequality. Though some do not enjoy the same level of 'social polices' that women in the West do, and in some cases women remain voiceless victims of violence as do some in the West, they maintain a strong family network which in many cases for over sees concerns about old age pensions and food stamp programs. There has also been the increase in dialogical and polyvocal approaches, insisting that ethnologies become a joint venture, with the anthropologist relinquishing their voice to provide equal room for the voices of the 'other'. Ethnologies therefor, when done correctly, should act as a hybrid, joining the words of the ethnologist with the voices and experiences of the informants and observers. Despite the increasing acceptance of ethnologies as pieces of research, another feature, is the emergence of the ethnography as a piece of fiction. (Barrett, 152) One of the more significant developments of postmodernism has been the focus on ethnography as a product of writing, which should be looked at as fictional, not in the sense of make believe or fairytale, but in the sense created or fabricated. Thus, a result of being written from the perspective of the ethnologist, perception takes away from reality and fact, leaving interpretation and in some case, fictitious misrepresentations. Next, postmodernism shifts the anthropological focus on interpretation and meaning rather than causality and behavior. Culture is seen as a system of ideas and symbols, with a complex of meanings, and deally, it is the job of the anthropologist to join forces with the 'other' and interpret it. This is where deconstruction and hermeneutics come into play, as discussed by Derrida By helping in the break down structures to illuminate hidden dimensions, this enables the investigator to comprehend the manner in which natives decode and understand their own texts. More specifically, deconstruction involves breaking down 'essences' such as the family, female, and male into their individual components in order to illuminate the embedded dimensions of ideology